Exam 4 Survival Skills |
 |
Only the new
skills are listed. The complete set includes all four lists!
Many of the Basic Skills are repeated.
KNOW HOW TO ….
Basic skills:
- use
the periodic table to read the number of valence electrons in an atom or an
ion, and obtain atomic weights
- Know periodic trends in size, ionization
energy, electronegativty, etc.
- Know the structure of atom (electron
configurations)
- use
Avogadro's number and the mole
- use
ideal-gas law
- draw
Lewis structures, including resonance structures, and molecules that have
atoms that do not follow the octet rule
- based on Lewis structures, predict 3D shapes of molecules, their polarity and
their intermolecular interactions
- identify molecular and ionic substances
- know the 7 strong acids and the seven
strong bases
- know the difference between strong weak
and non-electrolytes
- know how to determine concentration in
molarity (M)
Stoichiometry:
-
balance chemical equations
-
calculate amounts of reagents and products involved in the reaction
-
convert from molecular quantities to gram quantities (molecular weights in amu
and g/mol, mole) and back
-
calculate percentage composition and empirical formula; compare to molecular
formula
-
calculate limiting reagents, theoretical and actual yields
-
calculate concentrations in solution
-
calculate moles in solution
-
calculate dilutions
-
calculate equivalent amounts from titrations
Electrolytes
and ionic equations:
-
recognize strong and weak electrolytes, and non-electrolytes
-
predict solubility properties of ionic compounds (solubility table)
-
write complete ionic equations (balanced)
-
write net ionic reactions
-
recognize spectator ions
Inorganic
reactions:
-
identify reaction types (double and single displacement, decomposition,
combination, neutralization, redox, etc.)
-
write simple double displacement reactions
-
recognize the driving force (precipitate, gas or non-electrolyte formation)
-
recognize redox reactions
-
assign oxidation numbers
-
identify the oxidant and the reducing agent in the redox reaction, and the
number of electrons transferred
- use
metal activity series to predict relative metal reactivity in redox reactions
- use
the ideal gas equations to calculate the conditions of gases involved in
chemical reactions based on balanced chemical equations
Thermochemistry:
-
understand the 1st law of thermodynamics
-
define enthalpy
-
define properties of enthalpy
-
understand the heat exchanged between the system and the surroundings
-
apply heat capacity (or specific heat) to calculate heat exchanged between the
system and the surroundings
-
explain and calculate heat exchanged during phase transitions (heat of fusion
and heat of vaporization
-
calculate heats of reactions based on balanced equations including states of
reactants and products
- use
thermochemical cycles to calculate heats of reactions (Hess's law)
-
define enthalpies of formation under standard conditions
- use
enthalpies of formation to calculate reaction enthalpies
- use
heat capacity and specific heat
- use
heats of fusion and vaporization
- use
calorimetry to measure (calculate) heat of different processes
-
recognize energy units and convert them into other energy units
- use
average bond strengths to estimate thermochemistry of reactions (DHorxn)
Chemical
equilibrium:
-
write equilibrium constant expressions (Kc and Kp)
-
derive the relationships between Kc and Kp
-
calculate equilibrium constants (Kc and Kp)
-
calculate concentrations at equilibrium
-
explain the magnitude of equilibrium constants
-
calculate reaction quotient
-
predict the direction of reactions from the concentration of reagents and
products
-
analyze heterogeneous equilibria
-
explain Le Chatelier's principle
-
calculate effects of added reactants or products on equilibrium concentrations
-
analyze volume and pressure (including inert gas) changes on equilibrium
concentrations
-
explain the temperature effects on equilibrium
-
explain the role of the catalyst on equilibrium
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